Australia’s destiny in the Asian Century
| Kishore Mahbubani ; The writer, dean of the Lee Kuan Yew school of public policy, National University of Singapore, is former Singapore permanent representative to the United Nations |
JAKARTA POST, 07 September 2012
By the logic of geography, the continent of Australia should have been populated with Asians. Instead, by an accident of history, Australia has been predominantly populated with Westerners. This historical accident is now coming to an end.
The past two centuries of Western domination of world history have been a major historical aberration because from the year 1 to the year 1820, the two largest economies in the world were always Asian (China and India). All historical aberrations come to a natural end. We will return soon to the Asian century, if not the Asian millennium.
The one country that will have to make the most painful adjustment to the Asian century is undoubtedly Australia. As Western power slowly but steadily recedes from Asia, Australia could well be left beached, together with New Zealand, as the sole Western entity in Asia. Today, Australia is naturally clinging on to American power for comfort. The deployment of 2,500 Marines in Darwin recently clearly sent a signal that Australia was counting on American security protection.
Yet American power will also recede steadily. Few Americans and Australians are aware of how quickly the American economy will become number two in the world. IMF statistics show that in PPP terms America had a 25 percent share of the global economy in 1980, while China only had 2.2 percent. By 2016, the American share will decline to 17.6 percent while the Chinese share will rise to 18 percent.
Under these dramatically changed historical circumstances, the biggest mistake that Australia could make is to continue on auto-pilot, clinging to Western or American power as its sole source of security.
A strong desire to remain part of the West is perfectly natural. The Australian Foreign Minister, Bob Carr, explained this desire well in his interview with The Straits Times on July 6. “But by language and institutions and values, Australia is undeniably Western and should not apologize for it,” he said. “It is who we are. It makes us interesting and it makes us valuable to all interlocutors... A parliamentary democracy, an independent judiciary, a free press, a focus on human rights — all derive from the Western tradition. The Asian migrants who come here bringing their cultures and their perspectives like it that way.”
The logic of cultural identity cannot, however, trump hard geopolitical considerations. Let me make a slightly provocative comparison to drive home that point. The West supported the white minority apartheid government throughout the Cold War because it was seen as a necessary bulwark against Soviet expansion in Africa.
However, as soon as the Cold War ended, South Africa lost its strategic usefulness and was quickly abandoned by the West. Their common cultural roots did not factor in the equation. At the same time, to avoid any misunderstanding, let me stress that Australia, unlike apartheid South Africa, does not sit as a “foreign” object in Asia.
It has adapted relatively well over the years to its Asian neighborhood. It enjoys close and friendly relations with many of its Asian neighbors.
Indeed, Australia has many assets in Asia. First, Australia is a member of the Five Power Defense Arrangements (FPDA) together with Singapore, Malaysia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Established in 1971, the FPDA has sought to complement the traditional US bilateral alliances and networks, more recent minilateral arrangements, as well as ASEAN’s operations in promoting peace and stability in Southeast Asia. In so doing, Australia, together with the UK and New Zealand, plays a part in sustaining the Southeast Asian security architecture.
Second, Australia has carried out a number of education and training projects through the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) and other government agencies. In fact, AusAID funds the ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program which helps in the realization of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015.
The program focuses on building the institutional capacity of ASEC, funding critical economic research and policy activities, and implementing projects that help less developed ASEAN member states operationalize elements of the ASEAN Economic Blueprint.
In short, Australia is already playing a pivotal role in raising the quality of education and training among ASEAN member states.
Third, Australia has cultivated close ties with its Asian neighbors, particularly Japan and Indonesia. Japan and Australia have close economic ties, since Japan is Australia’s largest trading partner and a major source of capital investment. In 2007, Australia and Japan started negotiations on a bilateral free trade agreement. Both countries have also cooperated in the areas of culture, tourism, defense and scientific cooperation.
Australia also has generally good ties with Indonesia. Since the independence of Indonesia, both countries have cooperated in the areas of fisheries conservation, law enforcement, and justice. In June 2006, Indonesia and Australia also concluded a security agreement, known as the Lombok Agreement, to provide a framework for the development of the bilateral security relationship.
In 2011-2012, Australia’s assistance to Indonesia was worth an estimated $558 million. Indonesia is Australia’s top recipient of bilateral aid. Both countries also have a healthy trade and economic relationship with two-way trade (merchandise and services) worth $13.8 billion in 2010-11, and two-way investment worth around $5.7 billion in 2010.
The importance of the Australian-Indonesian relationship can be summarized in a 1994 speech by Paul Keating in which he said, “No country is more important to Australia than Indonesia. If we fail to get this relationship right, and nurture and develop it, the whole web of our foreign relations is incomplete. [...] The emergence of the New Order government of president Soeharto, and the stability and prosperity which [it] has brought to [Indonesia], was the single most beneficial strategic development to have affected Australia and its region in the past 30 years.” ●
The past two centuries of Western domination of world history have been a major historical aberration because from the year 1 to the year 1820, the two largest economies in the world were always Asian (China and India). All historical aberrations come to a natural end. We will return soon to the Asian century, if not the Asian millennium.
The one country that will have to make the most painful adjustment to the Asian century is undoubtedly Australia. As Western power slowly but steadily recedes from Asia, Australia could well be left beached, together with New Zealand, as the sole Western entity in Asia. Today, Australia is naturally clinging on to American power for comfort. The deployment of 2,500 Marines in Darwin recently clearly sent a signal that Australia was counting on American security protection.
Yet American power will also recede steadily. Few Americans and Australians are aware of how quickly the American economy will become number two in the world. IMF statistics show that in PPP terms America had a 25 percent share of the global economy in 1980, while China only had 2.2 percent. By 2016, the American share will decline to 17.6 percent while the Chinese share will rise to 18 percent.
Under these dramatically changed historical circumstances, the biggest mistake that Australia could make is to continue on auto-pilot, clinging to Western or American power as its sole source of security.
A strong desire to remain part of the West is perfectly natural. The Australian Foreign Minister, Bob Carr, explained this desire well in his interview with The Straits Times on July 6. “But by language and institutions and values, Australia is undeniably Western and should not apologize for it,” he said. “It is who we are. It makes us interesting and it makes us valuable to all interlocutors... A parliamentary democracy, an independent judiciary, a free press, a focus on human rights — all derive from the Western tradition. The Asian migrants who come here bringing their cultures and their perspectives like it that way.”
The logic of cultural identity cannot, however, trump hard geopolitical considerations. Let me make a slightly provocative comparison to drive home that point. The West supported the white minority apartheid government throughout the Cold War because it was seen as a necessary bulwark against Soviet expansion in Africa.
However, as soon as the Cold War ended, South Africa lost its strategic usefulness and was quickly abandoned by the West. Their common cultural roots did not factor in the equation. At the same time, to avoid any misunderstanding, let me stress that Australia, unlike apartheid South Africa, does not sit as a “foreign” object in Asia.
It has adapted relatively well over the years to its Asian neighborhood. It enjoys close and friendly relations with many of its Asian neighbors.
Indeed, Australia has many assets in Asia. First, Australia is a member of the Five Power Defense Arrangements (FPDA) together with Singapore, Malaysia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Established in 1971, the FPDA has sought to complement the traditional US bilateral alliances and networks, more recent minilateral arrangements, as well as ASEAN’s operations in promoting peace and stability in Southeast Asia. In so doing, Australia, together with the UK and New Zealand, plays a part in sustaining the Southeast Asian security architecture.
Second, Australia has carried out a number of education and training projects through the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) and other government agencies. In fact, AusAID funds the ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program which helps in the realization of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015.
The program focuses on building the institutional capacity of ASEC, funding critical economic research and policy activities, and implementing projects that help less developed ASEAN member states operationalize elements of the ASEAN Economic Blueprint.
In short, Australia is already playing a pivotal role in raising the quality of education and training among ASEAN member states.
Third, Australia has cultivated close ties with its Asian neighbors, particularly Japan and Indonesia. Japan and Australia have close economic ties, since Japan is Australia’s largest trading partner and a major source of capital investment. In 2007, Australia and Japan started negotiations on a bilateral free trade agreement. Both countries have also cooperated in the areas of culture, tourism, defense and scientific cooperation.
Australia also has generally good ties with Indonesia. Since the independence of Indonesia, both countries have cooperated in the areas of fisheries conservation, law enforcement, and justice. In June 2006, Indonesia and Australia also concluded a security agreement, known as the Lombok Agreement, to provide a framework for the development of the bilateral security relationship.
In 2011-2012, Australia’s assistance to Indonesia was worth an estimated $558 million. Indonesia is Australia’s top recipient of bilateral aid. Both countries also have a healthy trade and economic relationship with two-way trade (merchandise and services) worth $13.8 billion in 2010-11, and two-way investment worth around $5.7 billion in 2010.
The importance of the Australian-Indonesian relationship can be summarized in a 1994 speech by Paul Keating in which he said, “No country is more important to Australia than Indonesia. If we fail to get this relationship right, and nurture and develop it, the whole web of our foreign relations is incomplete. [...] The emergence of the New Order government of president Soeharto, and the stability and prosperity which [it] has brought to [Indonesia], was the single most beneficial strategic development to have affected Australia and its region in the past 30 years.” ●